Colombian mines produce which fine minerals

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Smith, D. The Guardian , 26 May Ssekika, E. The Observer. This is espoused more particularly in the Minerals and Mining General Regulations. The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter.

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Learn More Accept. Energy and Natural Resources. Ghana: Mining Comparative Guide. Your LinkedIn Connections with the authors. To print this article, all you need is to be registered or login on Mondaq. The principal laws governing mining in Ghana include the following.

Ghana has subscribed to broader continental, sub-regional and international policy initiatives on mining, including: the African Mining Vision of and its Action Plan developed under the auspices of the African Union; and the Economic Community of West African States Mineral Development Policy, adopted in What powers do they have?

The key regulatory institutions are as follows. The commission is mandated under Section 2 of the Minerals Commission Act to: formulate recommendations of national policy for the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources, with special reference to establishing national priorities with due regard to the national economy; advise the minister of lands and natural resources on matters relating to minerals; monitor the implementation of government policy on minerals and report on this to the minister; monitor the operation of all bodies or establishments with responsibility for mining; receive and assess public agreements relating to minerals; and collect data on national mineral resources.

The objects of the authority under the act are to: carry out systematic geological mapping, assess, monitor and evaluate geological hazards and risks, collect geoscientific data, manage and disseminate geoscientific information; promote the search for, and exploitation of, minerals in Ghana, undertake research in the field of geoscience and furnish specialised geoscientific services; conduct research into matters of importance for the exploration, exploitation and protection of the nation's geological and geoscientific natural resources; and conduct site, foundation or geotechnical investigations and issue reports as pre-requisites for major construction projects in the country.

The key minerals which are mined in Ghana include gold, diamonds, bauxite and manganese. These figures demonstrate the strategic importance of minerals to the economy of Ghana.

Do these vary depending on the type of mineral or the location of the activity? Prospecting licence: The holder of a prospecting licence may, in the exercise of its rights under the licence: enter land to which the licence relates to prospect for the mineral in respect of which the licence is granted; make boreholes and excavations that may be necessary for the prospecting purposes; erect camps and put up temporary buildings necessary to the prospecting operations; and conduct other activity ancillary or incidental to the prospecting.

How long does this typically take? Do specific requirements or restrictions apply to foreign operators? These include the following: the incorporation fees for setting up the company and the fees for meeting the minimum capital requirements, as provided for by the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre; the application fees payable to the Minerals Commission for the grant of a licence or any extension; and the environmental permit fees to be paid to the Environmental Protection Agency 3.

What is the process for renewal? The holder of a prospecting licence has exclusive rights under the licence to: prospect for minerals in respect of which the licence is granted; make boreholes and excavations that may be necessary for prospecting purposes; erect camps and temporary buildings necessary for the prospecting operations; and conduct other activities ancillary or incidental to the prospecting obligation.

A certificate of surrender shall not be issued to an applicant if any of the following conditions exist: The applicant is in default of any of its obligations under the laws and regulations; The applicant fails to provide the necessary records and reports in relation to its mineral operations; The minister is not satisfied that the applicant will surrender the land in a condition which is safe and accords with good mining practice; or In respect of land, the remaining area of the land after the surrender would not be less than one block.

If so, how and subject to what consents? Do any restrictions or taxes apply to direct or indirect transfers? These include the following: the incorporation fees for setting up the company and the fees for meeting the minimum capital requirements, as provided for by the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre; the application fees payable to the Minerals Commission for the grant of a licence or any extension; and the environmental permit fees to be paid to the Environmental Protection Agency 4.

An applicant for the application of renewal of a mining lease must provide the following: a certified copy of the mining lease; the cadastral coordinates delineating the area that is the subject matter of the application for exclusion, in the case of reclamation in the perimeter of the original polygon; a comprehensive technical and financial report in respect of the expired term and a programme of mining operations for the proposed extension, including financial particulars, prepared according to the Minerals Commission's guidelines; annual reports of the applicant for the previous two years, including audited accounts; the particulars of the qualifications and experience of the manager and other members of the technical team in charge of the mining operations, in case of a change in the team; the particulars of the applicant's proposals with respect to the employment and training in the mining industry; and evidence of payment of the applicable fees.

When is this required or available? If so, how does an owner of mining rights acquire surface rights? And what are the landowner's rights and obligations as regards the operator? The compensation to which the landowner or lawful occupier may be entitled may include compensation for: deprivation of the use of a particular use of the natural surface of the land or part of the land; loss of or damage to immovable properties; in the case of land under cultivation, loss of earnings or sustenance suffered by the owner or lawful occupier, having due regard to the nature of its interest in the land; and loss of expected income, depending on the nature of crops on the land and their life expectancy.

However, no claim for compensation arises, whether under the Minerals and Mining Act or any other act, for the following; in consideration for permitting entry to the land for mineral operations; in respect of the value of a mineral in, on or under the surface of the land; or for loss or damage for which compensation cannot be assessed according to the legal principle in monetary terms.

There are no native title issues applicable to mining operations either at the exploration stage or for the duration of the mining lease, aside from the mandatory requirements that: mining activities be conducted responsibly, taking into consideration the lives of residents in the surrounding areas; prompt and adequate compensation be paid to residents affected by the mining; and the lawful owner be allowed to graze livestock on or cultivate the surface of such land insofar as this does not interfere with the rights of the mineral holder in the mining area.

Upon termination of a mineral right, the holder of a mineral right is mandated to deliver the following to the minister of lands and natural resources or as the minister may direct: the records which it is obliged to maintain by law; the plans and maps of the area covered by the mineral right; and other documents — including in electronic format, if available — that relate to the mineral right. The plan must contain, among other things: a detailed description of planned activities; a detailed time schedule; the equipment to be used; a detailed reclamation plan; and a detailed budget of planned operations.

The plan must: contain a description and assessment of emergency scenarios and risks; provide for the establishment of an emergency coordination centre; provide for emergency notification procedures and communication systems, equipment and resources, and scenarios and response procedures; and provide for: clean-up, remediation and a return to normal operations; the training of staff; and periodic emergency and evacuation drills of staff.

Accidents that must be reported include: loss of life; fractures to a person's skull, limbs or spine; electric shocks or burns; and injuries to two or more persons. Dangerous occurrences that must be reported include: explosions caused by gas; explosions caused by electricity; the uncontrolled initiation of explosives; an outbreak or occurrence of fire; a rock burst; the flooding of a portion of the underground workings of the mine; or a case of unconsciousness arising from heatstroke or inhalation of fumes or poisonous gas.

The Minerals Commission of Ghana. Its health and safety objectives are set out succinctly in the Minerals and Mining Policy as follows: to protect the physical environment; to protect mining workers; and to protect the general public. The requirements are set out in the Minerals and Mining Act. Regulation 3 of the Minerals and Mining General Regulations sets out the following conditions for the grant of a licence to export minerals in Ghana: The application must be accompanied by a refining contract and a sales and marketing agreement.

The holder of the licence to export must provide to the Minerals Commission the particulars of the quantity and grade of the mineral to be shipped and access for samples to be taken prior to shipment of the minerals. The holder of the licence must, within 30 days of the shipment, submit to the Minerals Commission certified true copies of the refinery returns. The holder of a licence to export must also submit monthly and annual returns to the Minerals Commission. How are these calculated?

Allowable deductions include: capital allowance for the year; bad debts; tax losses brought forward for a specified number of years; repairs and improvements under certain conditions; losses incurred in the realisation of business or investment assets and liabilities; incentives for hiring recent graduates; and financial costs under certain conditions.

Deductions not allowed include domestic and excluded expenditure. These include the following: Benefits such as on-site accommodation provided by an employer engaged in mining are generally not taxable. There are special import duty exemptions in relation to plant, machinery, equipment and accessories strictly for mining operations for holders of mining leases. The forum will depend on the type of dispute that arises.

If this fails, the dispute may be resolved through any of the following mechanisms: in accordance with international mechanisms for the resolution of investment disputes as agreed by the parties; or through arbitration in accordance with the following: the framework of a bilateral or multilateral agreement on investment protection to which Ghana and the country of which the holder of the mineral right is a national are parties; or the arbitration rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law.

How are they typically resolved? They are resolved either by the courts of Ghana or through arbitration. Are any new developments anticipated in the next 12 months, including any proposed legislative reforms? No known new developments are anticipated in the next 12 months. David Yaw Danquah, Esq. The new Petroleum Industry Act which was recently assented and signed into law by the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on August 16th, to repeal the The passage and signing of the highly anticipated Petroleum Industry Act is a watershed moment in the oil and gas sector and stakeholders, albeit in the private or public sector, will be affected by its wide provisions.

The statutory framework of oil and gas cuts across the ownership, control, operation of oil and gas in Nigeria. Various legislations govern oil and gas investment in Nigeria. Sign Up for our free News Alerts - All the latest articles on your chosen topics condensed into a free bi-weekly email.

Register For News Alerts. Article Tags. NOV At the same time, the practice carries high risks. Fura has shut four of 49 tunnels, Shetty said, but has not set a schedule to close the rest. The company, which is also developing ruby projects in Mozambique, expects to become profitable in late The region has seen mining-related violence in the past.

MTC made unspecified changes to security after that invasion and another one in and attributes both attacks to local crime gangs. The mayor said he worried word of illegal mining wealth could attract the National Liberation Army ELN rebels, potentially igniting violence. Even as Zijin asks for tougher government steps to curtail illegal mining, Graciano and some formalized miners say the company itself could do more by allowing more local miners access to its concession under formalization contracts.

Though the contracts would not themselves push out the Clan, they offer employment alternatives and safer working conditions for miners, and are subject to environmental regulations.

Zijin's Wang said the company is looking at expanding its formalization program - but locals say it still faces challenges. Formalized miners sometimes have to abandon tunnels or avoid certain sites because of the presence of illegal miners and are vulnerable to accidentally linking up underground with illicit tunnels, said miner Hugo Valle.

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